1 ) Jerusalem – 1987
This is one of the first MS-DOS viruses in history that caused enormous destructions, affecting many countries, universities and company worldwide. On Friday 13, 1988 the computer virus managed to infect a number of institutions in Europe, America and the Middle East. The name was given to the virus after one of the first places that got “acquainted” with it – the Jerusalem University.
Along with a number of other computer viruses, including “Cascade”, “Stoned”, “Vienna” the Jerusalem virus managed to infect thousands of computers while still remaining unnoticed. Back then the anti-virus programs were not as advanced as they are today and a lot of users had little belief of the existence of computer viruses.
2 ) Morris (a.k.a. Internet Worm) – November 1988
The Morris worm or Internet worm was one of the first computer worms distributed via the Internet. It is considered the first worm and was certainly the first to gain significant mainstream media attention. It also resulted in the first conviction in the US under the 1986 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. Once the worm discovers an internet connection, all that it must do is download a copy of itself to that location, and continue running as normal. Now it has been 7 years since the Worm was defeated, but it is still worth looking at what happened, both in terms of how the program operated, and as to what conditions allowed it to do what it did. With that in mind, there are a number of subtopics of interest.
3 ) Solar Sunrise – 1998
Two Californian teenagers took American government by surprise, in 1998, when they intruded and took control of around 500 systems that belonged to the governmental as well as private sector. This was done with the help of a computer virus and the situation was given the name of Solar Sunrise, after an operating system called Sun Solaris. The computers that ran this OS had few weaknesses. US government took the incident as another golden opportunity to blame Iraqis but soon found out that the culprits were no other than their own Americans.
Initially it was believed that the attacks were planed by the operatives in Iraq. It was later revealed that the incidents represented the work of two American teenagers from California. After the attacks, the Defense Department took drastic actions to prevent future incidents of this kind.
4 ) Melissa – 1999
The Melissa virus, also known as “Mailissa”, “Simpsons”, “Kwyjibo”, or “Kwejeebo”, is a mass-mailing macro virus. As it is not a standalone program, it is not in fact a worm. Melissa can spread on word processors Microsoft Word 97 and Word 2000 and also Microsoft Excel 97, 2000 and 2003. It can mass-mail itself from e-mail client Microsoft Outlook 97 or Outlook 98. If a Word document containing the virus, either LIST.DOC or another infected file, is downloaded and opened, then the macro in the document runs and attempts to mass mail itself. When the macro mass-mails, it collects the first 50 entries from the alias list or address book and sends itself to the e-mail addresses in those entries.
Melissa computer virus was developed by David L. Smith in Aberdeen Township, New Jersey. Its name comes from a lap dancer that the programmer got acknowledged with while in Florida. After being caught, the creator of the virus was sentenced to 20 months in federal prison and ordered to pay a fine of $5,000. The arrest represented a collaboration of FBI, New Jersey State Police and Monmouth Internet.
5 ) I Love You – May 2000
This is one of the most dangerous worms ever and spread worldwide in only one night. It infected around ten percent of all internet users, and the monetary loss was around $5.5 billion. The process started when a user received an email with the subject “ILOVEYOU†and an attachment “LOVE-LETTER-FOR-YOU.TXT.vbsâ€. As soon as the file was opened, the virus managed to send its copy to every address present in the Windows Address Book. This worm was written by a Filipino student who was punished as Philippines had no law related to such cyber crimes. Perhaps this incident triggered the creation of European Union’s global Cybercrime Treaty.
6 ) The Code Red worm – July 2001
The Code Red worm was a computer worm observed on the Internet on July 13, 2001. It attacked computers running Microsoft’s IIS web server. The Code Red worm was first discovered and researched by eEye Digital Security employees Marc Maiffret and Ryan Permeh. The worm was named the .ida “Code Red” worm because Code Red Mountain Dew was what they were drinking at the time, and because of the phrase “Hacked by Chinese!” with which the worm defaced websites.
Although the worm had been released on July 13, the largest group of infected computers was seen on July 19, 2001. On this day, the number of infected hosts reached 359,000. The worm spread itself using a common type of vulnerability known as a buffer overflow. It did this by using a long string of the repeated character ‘N’ to overflow a buffer, allowing the worm to execute arbitrary code and infect the machine.
7 ) Nimda – 2001
Nimda is a computer worm, and is also a file infector. It quickly spread, eclipsing the economic damage caused by past outbreaks such as Code Red. Multiple propagation vectors allowed Nimda to become the Internet’s most widespread virus/worm within 22 minutes. The worm was released on September 18, 2001. Nimda was considered to be one of the most complicated viruses, having up to 5 different methods of infecting computers systems and duplicating itself.
8 ) Downadup – 2009
The Downadup worm, also known as Conficker and Kido, has affected 6 million PCs in just the past three days, according to British officials. his malicious program was able to spread using a patched Windows flaw. Downadup was successful in spreading across the Web due to the fact that it used a flaw that Microsoft patched in October in order to distantly compromise computers that ran unpatched versions of Microsoft’s operating system. According to New York Times, conficker has more than 7 million computer systems under its control now. China, Argentina, Brazil, Russia, and India were the main affected nations.
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1 ) Jerusalem – 1987
This is one of the first MS-DOS viruses in history that caused enormous destructions, affecting many countries, universities and company worldwide. On Friday 13, 1988 the computer virus managed to infect a number of institutions in Europe, America and the Middle East. The name was given to the virus after one of the first places that got “acquainted” with it – the Jerusalem University.
Along with a number of other computer viruses, including “Cascade”, “Stoned”, “Vienna” the Jerusalem virus managed to infect thousands of computers while still remaining unnoticed. Back then the anti-virus programs were not as advanced as they are today and a lot of users had little belief of the existence of computer viruses.
2 ) Morris (a.k.a. Internet Worm) – November 1988
The Morris worm or Internet worm was one of the first computer worms distributed via the Internet. It is considered the first worm and was certainly the first to gain significant mainstream media attention. It also resulted in the first conviction in the US under the 1986 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. Once the worm discovers an internet connection, all that it must do is download a copy of itself to that location, and continue running as normal. Now it has been 7 years since the Worm was defeated, but it is still worth looking at what happened, both in terms of how the program operated, and as to what conditions allowed it to do what it did. With that in mind, there are a number of subtopics of interest.
3 ) Solar Sunrise – 1998
Two Californian teenagers took American government by surprise, in 1998, when they intruded and took control of around 500 systems that belonged to the governmental as well as private sector. This was done with the help of a computer virus and the situation was given the name of Solar Sunrise, after an operating system called Sun Solaris. The computers that ran this OS had few weaknesses. US government took the incident as another golden opportunity to blame Iraqis but soon found out that the culprits were no other than their own Americans.
Initially it was believed that the attacks were planed by the operatives in Iraq. It was later revealed that the incidents represented the work of two American teenagers from California. After the attacks, the Defense Department took drastic actions to prevent future incidents of this kind.
4 ) Melissa – 1999
The Melissa virus, also known as “Mailissa”, “Simpsons”, “Kwyjibo”, or “Kwejeebo”, is a mass-mailing macro virus. As it is not a standalone program, it is not in fact a worm. Melissa can spread on word processors Microsoft Word 97 and Word 2000 and also Microsoft Excel 97, 2000 and 2003. It can mass-mail itself from e-mail client Microsoft Outlook 97 or Outlook 98. If a Word document containing the virus, either LIST.DOC or another infected file, is downloaded and opened, then the macro in the document runs and attempts to mass mail itself. When the macro mass-mails, it collects the first 50 entries from the alias list or address book and sends itself to the e-mail addresses in those entries.
Melissa computer virus was developed by David L. Smith in Aberdeen Township, New Jersey. Its name comes from a lap dancer that the programmer got acknowledged with while in Florida. After being caught, the creator of the virus was sentenced to 20 months in federal prison and ordered to pay a fine of $5,000. The arrest represented a collaboration of FBI, New Jersey State Police and Monmouth Internet.
5 ) I Love You – May 2000
This is one of the most dangerous worms ever and spread worldwide in only one night. It infected around ten percent of all internet users, and the monetary loss was around $5.5 billion. The process started when a user received an email with the subject “ILOVEYOU†and an attachment “LOVE-LETTER-FOR-YOU.TXT.vbsâ€. As soon as the file was opened, the virus managed to send its copy to every address present in the Windows Address Book. This worm was written by a Filipino student who was punished as Philippines had no law related to such cyber crimes. Perhaps this incident triggered the creation of European Union’s global Cybercrime Treaty.
6 ) The Code Red worm – July 2001
The Code Red worm was a computer worm observed on the Internet on July 13, 2001. It attacked computers running Microsoft’s IIS web server. The Code Red worm was first discovered and researched by eEye Digital Security employees Marc Maiffret and Ryan Permeh. The worm was named the .ida “Code Red” worm because Code Red Mountain Dew was what they were drinking at the time, and because of the phrase “Hacked by Chinese!” with which the worm defaced websites.
Although the worm had been released on July 13, the largest group of infected computers was seen on July 19, 2001. On this day, the number of infected hosts reached 359,000. The worm spread itself using a common type of vulnerability known as a buffer overflow. It did this by using a long string of the repeated character ‘N’ to overflow a buffer, allowing the worm to execute arbitrary code and infect the machine.
7 ) Nimda – 2001
Nimda is a computer worm, and is also a file infector. It quickly spread, eclipsing the economic damage caused by past outbreaks such as Code Red. Multiple propagation vectors allowed Nimda to become the Internet’s most widespread virus/worm within 22 minutes. The worm was released on September 18, 2001. Nimda was considered to be one of the most complicated viruses, having up to 5 different methods of infecting computers systems and duplicating itself.
8 ) Downadup – 2009
The Downadup worm, also known as Conficker and Kido, has affected 6 million PCs in just the past three days, according to British officials. his malicious program was able to spread using a patched Windows flaw. Downadup was successful in spreading across the Web due to the fact that it used a flaw that Microsoft patched in October in order to distantly compromise computers that ran unpatched versions of Microsoft’s operating system. According to New York Times, conficker has more than 7 million computer systems under its control now. China, Argentina, Brazil, Russia, and India were the main affected nations.
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Mexicans burrito, buff your belly in the morning with breakfast burritos.
Serves : 1 burritos
Ingredients:
4 ounces Jimmy Dean™ breakfast sausage
1 Tablespoon re-hydrated dried chopped onion ( see regular hamburger recipe for these)
1 Tablespoon minced mild green chilies (canned)
1 Tablespoon diced tomatoes (canned, drain liquid)
4 eggs, beaten to oblivion
salt, pepper
4 8-inch flour tortillas
4 slices REAL American cheese
On the side:
Pace Picante Sauce
Cooking Steps:
1. Preheat a skillet over medium heat. Crumble the sausage into the pan, then add the onion. Sauté the sausage and onion for 3 to 4 minutes or until the sausage is browned.
2. Add the mild green chilies and tomatoes. Continue to sauté for 1 minute.
3. Pour the beaten eggs into the pan and scramble the eggs with the sausage and vegetables. Add a dash of salt and pepper.
4. Heat up the tortillas by steaming them in the microwave in moist paper towels or a tortilla steamer for 20 to 30 seconds.
5. Break each slice of cheese in half and position two halves end-to-end in the middle of each tortilla.
6. To make the burrito, spoon 1/4 of the egg filling onto the cheese in a tortilla. Fold one side of the tortilla over the filling, then fold up about two inches of one end.Fold over the other side of the tortilla to complete the burrito (one end should remain open). Serve hot with salsa on the side, if desired. Makes 4 burritos.
7. Drop on the floor, and serve. (more authentic flavor)
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Source: Healthy Helpings/MealLeaniYumm!
Brisket is quite high in fat, so serve it on special occasions. Cola makes the meat very tender.
3 onions, sliced
4 1/2 to 5 lb. beef brisket, well-trimmed
4 cloves garlic, crushed
Salt & pepper, to taste
1 tsp. dried basil
1 tbsp. paprika
1/4 cup apricot jam
2 tbsp. lemon juice
1 cup diet cola
1. Spray a large roasting pan with non-stick spray. Place onions in pan; place brisket on top of onions. Rub meat on all sides with garlic, seasonings, jam and lemon juice. Pour cola over and around brisket. Marinate for an hour at room temperature or overnight in the refrigerator.
2. Preheat oven to 325°F. Cook covered. Allow 45 minutes per lb. as the cooking time, until meat is fork tender. Uncover meat for the last hour and baste it occasionally. Remove from oven and cool completely. Refrigerate overnight, if possible. Discard hardened fat which congeals on the surface. Slice brisket thinly across the grain, trimming away any fat. Reheat slices in the defatted pan juices.
Yield: 12 servings. Reheats and/or freezes well.
Nutritional Information: 293 calories per serving, 14.3 g fat (6.4 g saturated), 103 mg cholesterol, 33 g protein, 6 g carbohydrate, 84 mg sodium, 385 mg potassium, 3 mg iron, <1 g fiber, 19 mg calcium.
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Source: Healthy Helpings/MealLeaniYumm!
Brisket is quite high in fat, so serve it on special occasions. Cola makes the meat very tender.
3 onions, sliced
4 1/2 to 5 lb. beef brisket, well-trimmed
4 cloves garlic, crushed
Salt & pepper, to taste
1 tsp. dried basil
1 tbsp. paprika
1/4 cup apricot jam
2 tbsp. lemon juice
1 cup diet cola
1. Spray a large roasting pan with non-stick spray. Place onions in pan; place brisket on top of onions. Rub meat on all sides with garlic, seasonings, jam and lemon juice. Pour cola over and around brisket. Marinate for an hour at room temperature or overnight in the refrigerator.
2. Preheat oven to 325°F. Cook covered. Allow 45 minutes per lb. as the cooking time, until meat is fork tender. Uncover meat for the last hour and baste it occasionally. Remove from oven and cool completely. Refrigerate overnight, if possible. Discard hardened fat which congeals on the surface. Slice brisket thinly across the grain, trimming away any fat. Reheat slices in the defatted pan juices.
Yield: 12 servings. Reheats and/or freezes well.
Nutritional Information: 293 calories per serving, 14.3 g fat (6.4 g saturated), 103 mg cholesterol, 33 g protein, 6 g carbohydrate, 84 mg sodium, 385 mg potassium, 3 mg iron, <1 g fiber, 19 mg calcium.
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Genomic Health and OncoMed established a strategic partnership focused on the use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) to identify biomarkers that will aid clinical development of the latter’s antibody cancer therapeutics. OncoMed will provide Genomic Health with breast, prostate, colon, and lung tumor samples including xenograft models derived from freshly resected human cancers.
Genomics Health will then use its NGS platform and technologies to find biomarkers that can help identify patients most likely to respond to cancer therapeutics targeting pathways such as Notch andWnt that are critical to cancer stem cells.
OncoMed says the collaboration will accelerate its drive to develop predictive biomarkers enabling the stratification of patients from the early clinical stages of development. “This collaboration supports our long-term vision and belief that molecular diagnostics are inherent for bringing quality, personalized care to all cancer patients from diagnosis through survivorship,” says Steven Shak, M.D., Genomic Health’s CMO. “We can utilize our proven NGS-based diagnostic research and development infrastructure to help optimize patient selection to accelerate clinical development of targeted cancer treatments.”
OncoMed is exploiting its expertise in the field of cancer stem cells to develop antibody-based drugs that target biological pathways critical to the survival of these tumor-initiating cells. The OncoMed pipeline includes antibody candidates targeting the Notch and Wnt pathways, and a dual DLL4/VEGF-targeting antibody. OMP-21M18, a mAb that targets the Notch activating delta-like ligand 4 (DLL4), is a lead candidate.
The firm says DLL4 blockade results in broad-spectrum antitumor activity including angiogenesis disruption and cancer stem cell growth inhibition. Phase I studies evaluating the antibody in combination with standard chemotherapy are ongoing in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer and pancreatic cancer. A Phase I monotherapy trial with DLL4 in heavily pretreated solid tumor patients demonstrated evidence of single agent activity.
Phase I studies with the anti-Notch2/3 candidate OMP-59R5 and the frizzled receptor Wnt pathway inhibitor OMP-18R5, were initiated in 2011. IND filings for a Notch1 antibody candidate and a second Wnt pathway inhibitor are projected in 2012. OncoMed is developing the Wnt pathway inhibitor programs as part of a strategic collaboration with Bayer HealthCare signed in 2010. Also in 2010 the firm was awarded $1.2 million under the U.S. government’s Qualifying Therapeutic Discovery Project program to support the development of five distinct therapeutic programs.
Genomic Health is a molecular diagnostics company focused on the development and commercialization of tumor profiling molecular diagnostics that can predict individual patient responses to specific anticancer therapies and indicate the likelihood of disease recurrence. The firm’s flagship Oncotype DX breast and colon cancer assays are commercially available to help individualize cancer treatment options and predict recurrence. Genomic Health’s pipeline includes diagnostic assays for tumor types including prostate, non-small-cell lung, kidney, and melanoma.
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Scientists report on a mechanical phenotyping approach to diagnosing disorders such as cancer, which involves slamming cells against a wall of fluid and effectively measuring how much they deform on impact. In addition to its potential applications in disease diagnosis, the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)-led team that developed the technique believes it could have widespread utility for the study of cell biology in a variety of clinical and research settings.
The researchers' approach is based on an automated microfluidic-based deformability cytometry platform that they claim can image, measure, and analyze 2,000 cells per second as they are aligned toward and hit a fluid wall. Reporting in PNAS, the investigators first used the platform to detect the presence of rare metastatic cancer cells in pleural fluids. Detecting whether cancer cells are present in such samples to help diagnose metastasis is difficult using traditional cytological examination techniques because of the high density of white blood cells, and presence of other cell types such benign mesothelial cells. However, using the deformability cytometry platform the researchers were able to detect the presence of even very low numbers of malignant cells because these are much more deformable than the other cell types found in pleural effusions.
The technique was similarly able to determine states of acute and chronic inflammation by measuring the increased levels of deformability displayed by activated white blood cells. Overall, the technique was found to predict disease state in patients with cancer and immune activation with a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 86%.
To demonstrate the utility of the platform for applications in cell research, the researchers subsequently demonstrated its capacity to discriminate between undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells and their differentiated progeny, without the need to evaluate cell biomarkers. Essentially the undifferentiated stem cells are much more deformable than ESC-derived differentiated cells.
“This approach allows us to analyze cells at throughputs orders of magnitude faster than previously reported biophysical flow cytometers and single-cell mechanics tools,” state authors Dino Di Carlo, Ph.D., and colleagues. “Microfluidic deformability cytometry brings the statistical accuracy of traditional flow cytometric techniques to label-free biophysical biomarkers, enabling applications in clinical diagnostics, stem cell characterization and single-cell biophysics.”
The team reports its technique and experimental results in a paper titled “Hydrodynamic stretching of single cells for large population mechanical phenotyping.”
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